Abuse during pregnancy is the mistreatment, battering, or abuse of a pregnant woman. The term includes physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Abuse affects women of all ages and from all social and economic backgrounds.

Physical abuse is one of the most common causes of complications during pregnancy. It is estimated that one pregnant woman in four is physically abused. This rate is even higher in pregnant teenagers.

What are the causes and risks of the injury?

The women who are most at risk for abuse during pregnancy are those who have been physically abused before. They may have a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or family violence. More abuse is directed toward unmarried pregnant women and those with unplanned pregnancies than other groups.

A woman who is abused may not seek prenatal care early in her pregnancy. When prenatal care is delayed, the fetus's early development can have problems. So early prenatal care is very important. Some of the reasons for late prenatal care are fear of the abuser, low self- esteem, and the lack of a support system. The abuser may try to control the woman and keep the abuse hidden from doctors.

If the woman has any chronic illnesses, abuse can make them worse. These include high blood pressure, diabetes, and asthma. This worsening can have a negative impact on the growing fetus.

Abuse can also increase stress and depression. Stress causes the body to release hormones that can lead to premature labor. These hormones can also decrease the blood flow through the placenta. Decreased blood flow may cause low birth weight.

Stress also makes it harder for the woman to take care of herself during her pregnancy. This results in higher rates of malnutrition and poor weight gain. Abused women are also more prone to pregnancy risks such as smoking or using smokeless tobacco, drinking alcohol, or taking drugs during pregnancy. Good nutrition and rest are very important for a healthy pregnancy.