What can be done to prevent the infection?

Many cases of upper respiratory infection cannot be prevented. Almost all URIs are contagious, so avoiding sick people can help prevent some cases. Frequent hand washing can also help reduce the spread of many URIs. Vaccines are used to help prevent some cases. For example, the flu shot can be given to high-risk individuals every fall to help prevent the flu.

What are the long-term effects of the infection?

Most URIs are mild and go away with or without treatment. However, some URIs can be more serious and may have long-term effects. For example, untreated strep throat can lead to kidney damage or rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart. Acute otitis media can result in hearing loss. Severe croup and epiglottitis may be life-threatening. URIs can also put people at risk of getting pneumonia, which may be life-threatening, especially in the elderly and very young.

What are the risks to others?

Most upper respiratory infections are highly contagious. They are transmitted through respiratory secretions. Sneezing and coughing can spread these droplets. The germ can also be passed on when an individual with an upper respiratory infection touches his or her nose and then handles an object that another person later touches. The second person can then pick up the germ from the object and transfer it into his or her own respiratory tract by touching the face.